[
{
"title": "Defining Relative Clauses",
"hint": {
"summary": "Defining Relative Clauses",
"content": "**Relative Pronouns:**\n* **Who**: For people.\n* **Which**: For things.\n* **That**: For people or things (often interchangeable).\n\n**Can you delete the pronoun?**\n* **NO**: If it is the **Subject** (followed by a verb). *Ex: The man who called me.*\n* **YES**: If it is the **Object** (followed by a noun/pronoun). *Ex: The man (who) I called.*"
},
"questions": [
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "This is the phone ___ I bought yesterday.",
"options": ["that", "who", "where"],
"correctIndex": 0,
"explanation": "Use **that** or **which** for things (the phone)."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "The woman ___ lives next door is a doctor.",
"options": ["which", "who", "whose"],
"correctIndex": 1,
"explanation": "Use **who** or **that** for people (the woman)."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "I did not like the movie ___ we watched.",
"options": ["who", "which", "where"],
"correctIndex": 1,
"explanation": "Use **which** or **that** for things (the movie)."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "Where is the student ___ lost this book?",
"options": ["which", "who", "when"],
"correctIndex": 1,
"explanation": "Use **who** or **that** for people (the student)."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "The cake ___ she made was delicious.",
"options": ["who", "that", "where"],
"correctIndex": 1,
"explanation": "Use **that** or **which** for things (the cake)."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "Can I omit the pronoun here: 'The man who is singing is my dad.'",
"options": ["No, it is the subject.", "Yes, it is the object.", "Yes, because it is a person."],
"correctIndex": 0,
"explanation": "The pronoun is followed by a verb (is), so it is the **Subject**. You cannot omit it."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "Can I omit the pronoun here: 'The book that I read was long.'",
"options": ["Yes, it is the object.", "No, it is the subject.", "No, it is a thing."],
"correctIndex": 0,
"explanation": "The pronoun is followed by a subject (I), so it is the **Object**. You can omit it."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "Are those the shoes ___ you wanted?",
"options": ["who", "that", "what"],
"correctIndex": 1,
"explanation": "Use **that** or **which** for things (shoes)."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "That is the teacher ___ taught me English.",
"options": ["which", "who", "what"],
"correctIndex": 1,
"explanation": "Use **who** or **that** for people (the teacher)."
},
{
"type": "multiple-choice",
"question": "I am looking for a car ___ is cheap.",
"options": ["who", "which", "whose"],
"correctIndex": 1,
"explanation": "Use **which** or **that** for things (a car)."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "The boy ___ sits here is absent today.",
"answer": ["who", "that"],
"explanation": "For people, you can use **who** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "This is the game ___ I told you about.",
"answer": ["which", "that"],
"explanation": "For things, you can use **which** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "I know a man ___ can speak five languages.",
"answer": ["who", "that"],
"explanation": "For people, you can use **who** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "The computer ___ broke is very old.",
"answer": ["that", "which"],
"explanation": "For things, you can use **that** or **which**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "She is the only person ___ understands me.",
"answer": ["who", "that"],
"explanation": "For people, you can use **who** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "Is there a shop near here ___ sells milk?",
"answer": ["which", "that"],
"explanation": "For things (shops), you can use **which** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "The people ___ we met were nice.",
"answer": ["who", "that"],
"explanation": "For people, you can use **who** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "I have a friend ___ lives in Japan.",
"answer": ["who", "that"],
"explanation": "For people, you can use **who** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "This is the email ___ I sent you.",
"answer": ["that", "which"],
"explanation": "For things, you can use **that** or **which**."
},
{
"type": "fill-in-the-blank",
"question": "He is the actor ___ won the award.",
"answer": ["who", "that"],
"explanation": "For people, you can use **who** or **that**."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "She is the woman who called me.",
"explanation": "Person + who + verb."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "This is the house that Jack built.",
"explanation": "Thing + that + subject + verb."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "I lost the pen which you gave me.",
"explanation": "Thing + which + subject + verb."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "Where is the girl who sells flowers?",
"explanation": "Person + who + verb + object."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "The movie that we saw was boring.",
"explanation": "Thing + that + subject + verb."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "He is the man who helped me.",
"explanation": "Person + who + verb + object."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "I ate the cake that was on the table.",
"explanation": "Thing + that + verb (Subject relative clause)."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "Do you know the boy who is dancing?",
"explanation": "Person + who + verb."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "The car which I drive is red.",
"explanation": "Thing + which + subject + verb."
},
{
"type": "scramble",
"sentence": "That is the dog which bit me.",
"explanation": "Animal (Thing) + which + verb."
}
]
}
]
The Secret to Specific Sentences: Defining Relative Clauses
Have you ever tried to describe a person or a thing, but one sentence wasn't enough? You might say: "I saw a man. He was wearing a red hat."
This works, but it can sound a little choppy (like a robot speaking!). In English, we can combine these two sentences into one smooth sentence using Defining Relative Clauses.
"I saw the man who was wearing a red hat."
What is a Defining Relative Clause?
A Defining Relative Clause acts like an adjective. It gives us essential information about a noun (a person, place, or thing).
"Essential" means you need it. Without this clause, we don't know exactly who or what you are talking about.
Look at the difference:
Without the clause:"The dog is mine." (Which dog? There are millions of dogs in the world!)
With the clause:"The dog that is sleeping on the sofa is mine." (Ah! Now we know exactly which dog.)
The Relative Pronouns
To connect the clause to the main sentence, we use "Relative Pronouns." Think of these as "glue" words.
Pronoun
Used For
Example
Who
People
The woman who called me is my boss.
That
People or Things
I lost the phone that I bought yesterday.
Which
Things
This is the cake which Mary made.
Where
Places
This is the park where we met.
Whose
Possession (Ownership)
That is the boy whose bike was stolen.
Tip: Spoken English often prefers "that" over "which" for objects.
Two Rules
1. NO Commas!
This is the most important rule. Because the information is essential (necessary), we do not use commas.
Correct:The student who studies hard will pass.
Incorrect:The student, who studies hard, will pass.
2. The "Invisible" Pronoun
Sometimes, you can delete the relative pronoun (who/that/which) to make the sentence faster.
You CAN delete it if the pronoun is followed by a Noun or Pronoun (Subject).
The book (that) I read was good. -> "The book I read was good."
You CANNOT delete it if the pronoun is followed by a Verb.
The man who lives here is nice. (You must say "who" because "lives" is a verb).
